dataset; Argentina, Climatic Normals, 1931-1960. [10] At the suggestion of Admiral Togo, she was renamed Kainan Maru, meaning "Opener-up of the South",[2] or "Southern Pioneer". [5] At 30.48m (100ft) in length and registering 204 GRT,[19] she was much smaller than the other Antarctic ships of the era less than a third the size of Robert Falcon Scott's Terra Nova. Details of conditions and fees may be had from the Archivist. Why Everyone Should Do A Japanese Homestay. Dr Fuchs said that in the latter part of the trip, especially on the Skelton Glacier, the party was subject to winds up to 35 or 40 knots while travelling, and up to 50 knots when encamped. [57] As they sailed beyond the Bay of Whales, the ship was attacked by a school of killer whales, who soon withdrew when they realised the nature of their attempted prey, but not before they had caused considerable alarm to the deeply religious Ainus, who prayed fervently throughout the attack. [31][30], The consequences of their late departure were now becoming evident; with the onset of winter, the sea was beginning to freeze around them. . The researchers believed that a relief team would arrive within a few days and left the dogs chained up outside with a small supply of food. The newly established Scott Base was intended to serve the interests of both New Zealands IGY and TAE parties, and was placed under Hillarys command. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. Many nations were involved in the discovery and early exploration of Antarctica. 1957-1958 - During the International Geophysical Year of 1957-58, 12 nations establish 50 stations in Antarctica, the beginning of formal, international cooperation. 4.0 Antarctica. [100] In 2011, to mark the expedition's centenary, the Shirase Expedition Supporters Association published a full English translation, by Lara Dagnell and Hilary Shibata, of the original expedition report (Nankyokuki Tanken) from 1913. The Queen will confer a knighthood on Dr Fuchs, it was announced from 10 Downing Street. . Mrs Fuchs said her husband told her he hoped to sail in the Endeavour in about three days time and was looking forward lo arriving in New Zealand within a fortnight. Takesi Nagata led the summer operations for 1956-1957. Were working to restore it. [5] [6] The harshness of these experiences did not diminish his Arctic ambitions. [59] After naming the inlet Kainan Bay, they sailed away. Summarising the partys scientific work, Dr Fuchs said they had surveyed two mountain ranges in the Weddell Sea which were previously unknown. It was concurrent with two major Antarctic endeavours led respectively by Roald Amundsen and Robert Falcon Scott, and has been relatively overlooked in polar history. [10] This ship was the Hoko Maru, a former fishing industry service boat. [30] On 26 February the first iceberg was sighted,[30] after which the ship was surrounded by ice of all kinds, from loose brash to huge bergs. [36] Of 28 dogs that had left Japan, only 12 had reached New Zealand alive, and as they set out for Sydney, only one of these was left; poor conditions, combined with tapeworm infection, had proved fatal to the rest. [22] After cargo trimming in Tateyama, the ship finally left Japan on 1 December,[24] carrying 27 men and 28 Siberian dogs,[8] leaving behind a debt that would increase considerably during the course of the expedition, and would burden Shirase for many years. It was also about national competition and prestige, disputed sovereignty, and competing versions of masculinity. Japan commenced its scientific activities in Antarctica in 1956, which was marked by the voyage of "Soya" with the 1st Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE) on board. Shortly after his arrival at the Pole, Hillary sent a message to Fuchs suggesting he abandon his plans for completing a crossing, given the difficult conditions. [76] Arriving at their base camp on 31January, they recovered from their exertions by sleeping for 36hours. And it helped cement New Zealands independent relationship with Antarctica, specifically the Ross Dependency and Scott Base, as quite separate from its ties to Britain. [8], Japan's interest in Antarctic research revived in 1956, with the first Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition. One party, led by Tomoji Tsuchiya, headed south but were soon stopped by impassable ice. The 58th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition had a rare opportunity to conduct ship-based observations near the tip of East Antarctic Shirase Glacier when large areas of heavy sea ice broke up . Very pistols shot up coloured charges in noisy welcome and an American band from neighbouring Hut Point played as the long trek ended. [69] Two would remain at a base camp to carry out meteorological observations, while a five-man Dash Patrol marched southward; these five men were Shirase, Takeda, Miisho and the two Ainu dog drivers. They reached 15120'W,[88] thus exceeding Scott's mark by a distance calculated as 17.3km (11 miles). In the messroom at the base, a vast and disjointed cocktail party was soon under way. [7] Undaunted, Shirase then changed his plans; he would go south instead, and aim for the still unconquered South Pole. Cruise date: 4 Mar - 14 Mar, 2023. [8][n 1] While some suspected them as being part of a Japanese plan to expand its influence southwards,[28] the New Zealand Times mocked the crew as "gorillas sailing about in a miserable whaler",[29] a remark that caused Shirase deep offence. To cite this item, please refer to the style manual you are using for the rest of your work. [8][81] The Japanese were, however, the first to make a successful landing on King Edward VII Land from the sea. [84][85] The three men reached the foothills of this range but were then halted by an unbridgeable crevasse. Nonetheless, the New Zealand government still had to heavily subsidise the enterprise. Lure of the ice: a view across the Ross Ice Shelf. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1974 and was President of the Royal Geographical Society from 1982 to 1984. The Ross Sea was open, and Kainan Maru proceeded swiftly south,[52] so that on 10 January they had their first sight of the Great Ice Barrier. Part of the Rauner Special Collections Library Repository. Taro (; 19551970) and Jiro (; 19551960) were two Sakhalin Huskies which survived for eleven months in Antarctica after being left behind by the 1958 Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition. [25] In generally poor weather, Kainan Maru struggled southwards,[8][24] crossing the Equator on 29 December,[24] and arriving in Wellington, storm-battered and unannounced, on 7 February 1911. The announcement of the knighthood soon afterward was the signal for a second round of champagne. An emergency evacuation resulted in the abandonment of 15 sled dogs. [50], Kainan Maru left Sydney in fair weather, and made good progress southwards. One party would land at the Bay of Whales and form a "Dash Patrol" that would make a southern march across the Barrier, with the dogs. The 1958 Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (Showa Station) inspired the 1983 hit film Antarctica, of which Eight Below is a remake. Jiro remained in Antarctica and died there as a working dog in 1960; Taro was brought to Japan, where he died in 1970. These were the two youngest dogs on the team (at three years old) were brothers, and were the pups of Kuma, a dog that had also been on the chain at Showa, but had broken free and disappeared. Many of you know that I studied abroad in Kobe, Japan for 10 weeks during undergraduate. [44] On 22 June, the camp was decorated with flags to mark the coronation of King George V, and visitors were entertained with exhibitions of traditional martial arts. [28] More particularly, they sought up-to-date charts; all they possessed for navigation beyond 60S was a small-scale photocopy of an admiralty chart marking Ernest Shackleton's 1907 route in Nimrod. Moreover, it marked the beginning of modern New Zealands close identification with Antarctica and its own Scott Base, and the end of old colonial hierarchies on the ice. The expedition was led by British explorer Sir Vivian . The Japan National Institute of Polar Research began a multiyear research program in Antarctica to coincide with the International Geophysical Year of 1957. The phylogenetic relationships of H. longifissa to other heteronemerteans remain uncertain. In these 24 years, the Japanese sent 20 expeditions to the Antarctic, and established a scientific research base at 690 OTS, 0390 35E, in Enderby Land on the Indian Ocean coastline of the continent. Dr Fuchs said he was quite satisfied at the expeditions achievements in relation to what it set out to do. Please contact us for information about items that are not available for viewing/download or for which you might need a higher resolution format. This was an international collaborative scientific project that focused on gathering new observations on the oceans, weather systems, outer space and the poles. [32][41] Meanwhile, Kainan Maru was taken to the Jubilee Dock, to await repairs and refitting. Clive Holland Manuscripts in the Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge, England - a catalogue, Garland Publishing New York and London (1982) ISBN 0824093941. [67] The Norwegians were less flattering in their observations of the Japanese expedition, noting in particular the barbaric fashion in which wildlife was captured and killed. [40] However, Shirase and his party found support from a wealthy resident in the exclusive suburb of Vaucluse, who permitted them to set up a camp in a corner of his land at Parsley Bay. Your Cart is Empty. Nonetheless, the New Zealand government still had to heavily subsidise the enterprise. [31] The ship sailed on, past the Possession Islands and towards Coulman Island, where ice conditions were even worse. From the Archives, 1958: Fuchs crosses Antarctic continent. URANIUM IN ANTARCTICA; Japanese I. G. Y. Expedition Reports the Discovery. The name "Yamato Yukihara" was officially accepted by the Japanese Antarctic Place Names Committee in 2012. Deteriorating weather made this operation a fraught and hurried process, and resulted in much being left behind including, much to the men's distress, all the dogs. Fuchs party arrived, rather anticlimactically, at Scott Base on March 2, 1958, completing the historic 3473km journey. The tough, bearded, medium-height figure man who conceived, organised and led the 500,000 expedition told newspaper men to fire the questions.. [20] The event proved anticlimactic; Kainan Maru was not ready to sail that day. Queen Mother . The first JARE expedition was launched in 1957 to coordinate with the International Geophysical Year. Operation Highjump: 1946-47 Expedition to Explore Antarctica From the Air. Ken Takakura gives a strong performance as . This article was inspired by the excellent article "Science, the South Pole, and the Japanese expedition of 1910-1912" by William R. Stevenson III in Endevour Vol. Correspondence, subject files, project files, and reports of Task Force 43 (Operation Deep Freeze), including records relating to U.S. Navy exploratory flights in Antarctica, 1955-94. Japan's slow emergence from isolation, following the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1868, kept it largely aloof from the growing international interest in polar exploration that escalated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. At the same time that Amundsen and Scott were busy huffing and puffing their way south, a little-known Japanese expedition, led by polar-enthusiast Nobu Shirase, was quietly making achievements of its own accord. Hillarys expedition, intended to be largely privately funded, initially lacked widespread support from New Zealanders, many of whom believed their government should cover the entire cost. Mss-212, Box: 1, Folder: 11 (Mixed Materials) . [37] After enduring another very rough passage, the ship reached the Australian port on 1 May. He said he and his companions had been given a wonderful welcome by the members of the party at Scott Base and by the Americans. [1] The dogs that had died on the chain showed no signs of cannibalism, and it was theorized that Taro and Jiro survived by learning to hunt penguins and seals and to eat frozen marine life that surfaced in ice cracks. Instead, he decided, the Japanese expedition would focus on more modest objectives in science, surveying, and exploring in King Edward VII Land. 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Japanese Antarctic Expedition, collection Japanese Antarctic Expedition. The sun was reflected off the white snow with dazzling brightness, and we were all struck to the very heart by a feeling of awe.". Fuchs tied the Trans-Antarctic Expedition to the scientific programme of the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957-1958. . The first Japanese expedition is further commemorated in the names of several geographical features in Antarctica. But the Ross Sea Committee, which organised the expedition, worked to imbue the public with a sense that their country had a stake in the Antarctic territory they claimed: the New Zealand Antarctic Expedition, as it was often called domestically, would be a triumph for their nation. Edmund Hillary (left) with Vivian Fuchs at the South Pole, January 20, 1958. In February 1957, the first Japanese Antarctica expedition team constructed. To reduce costs and reflect New Zealands agricultural strengths, he travelled with three TE20 Massey Ferguson tractors, modified with a full tracking system for use in the snowy conditions. Although Fuchs later stressed the scientific potential of his plan which he said took initial shape as he sheltered from a blizzard, huddled in a tent on Antarcticas Stonington Island the proposal also had geopolitical motivations. The Japanese party's sledges were described as "toy things", made of bamboo and wood. [96] By then, Shirase had received belated public recognition; in 1933 he became honorary president of the newly formed Japanese Polar Research Institute. Yet the drama was still not over. The expedition and disaster. [44][49] On 19 November 1911 Kainan Maru sailed from the harbour, where in contrast to the mood at their arrival, they were seen off by throngs of well-wishers, "cheering and waving their white handkerchiefs and black hats in the air". Is this my last expedition? he repeated to one questioner. [77][n 3], After leaving Shirase's party, Kainan Maru sailed eastwards, arriving off the King Edward VII Land coast in Biscoe Bay on 23 January at 7656'S, 15555'W. [82], The two groups crossed the sea ice and climbed the ice wall which surrounded the coast. . Write an article and join a growing community of more than 160,300 academics and researchers from 4,571 institutions. This was to the chagrin of many scientists in both parties, including the IGY scientific leader Trevor Hatherton, who decried the sites poor conditions for geologic, geomagnetic and seismic research. About 650 ce, however, long before European geographers of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance were to conjecture about Terra Australis Incognita, a mythical land to the far south, Rarotongan oral tradition tells of Ui-te-Rangiora, who sailed south of Aotearoa (New Zealand) to a frozen region. Their obvious friendliness dispelled any ideas of ill-feeling between them over the controversy that raged in the outside world when Sir Edmund made his unscheduled dash to the South Pole ahead of his leader. Led by Lieutenant Nobu Shirase and funded largely by donations, the original goal of the 27 member team had been to be the first men to reach the South Pole. The Commonwealth-sponsored expedition successfully completed the first overland crossing of Antarctica, via the South Pole, on 2 March 1958. 200 years of exploring Antarctica the world's coldest, most forbidding and most peaceful continent, The wreck of Endurance is a bridge to a bygone age, and a reminder of Antarctica's uncertain future, Fighting boredom with banjos and Russian grammar tips from polar explorers for surviving months of isolation, Finding Shackleton's ship: why our fascination with Antarctica endures. Assistant Professor of History, Texas Tech University, Daniella McCahey has received funding from the Royal Society of New Zealand and the National Science Foundation. In 1958, the first Japanese Antarctic Expedition prepares to leave Showa Base to be replaced by a second party of scientists who are on board the ice-breaker, Soya. [1] Dog teams were removed from the ice in February 1994. Dr Vivian Fuchs yesterday completed his 21,100-mile crossing of the Antarctic continent from the Weddell Sea to the Ross Sea. It was an expedition that at the time was considered to be one of the greatest achievements of the 20th . [58], On 16 January, at 7817'S, 16150'W, Kainan Maru came upon a small inlet in the Barrier edge, which appeared to offer a suitable landing place. 1958 - West Indies Federation; 1965 - Cooperation Year; 1965 - ITU; 1980 - 80th Aniv. Members of the team attempting the first surface crossing of the Antarctic have joined up at the South Pole. Some of the dogs fell out, lame or frostbitten. Fuchs tied the Trans-Antarctic Expedition to the scientific programme of the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957-1958. The surrounding plain was named by Shirase as Yamato Yukihara ("Japanese Snow Plain"). Sixty-five years later, its remembered in New Zealand chiefly for Sir Edmund Hillarys unplanned and controversial dash to the South Pole in a convoy of modified Massey Ferguson tractors. Moreover, it marked the beginning of modern New Zealands close identification with Antarctica and its own Scott Base, and the end of old colonial hierarchies on the ice. Back To . [92] But this fame proved short-lived; six weeks after the triumphal return, the Emperor Meiji died, and public interest in the expedition withered. The New Zealand support party he hoped would have some useful maps and geographical information to contribute. What many of you do not know is that as part of my trip I had to spend a homestay weekend with a Japanese family. [8], Leaving Wellington on 11 February, Kainan Maru soon ran into stormy seas, with waves among the biggest that Captain Namora had ever encountered. Outside Japan, the expedition was generally dismissed, or ignored altogether. [89] After taking on fresh coal and provisions, Kainan Maru left Wellington on 2 April, and arrived in Yokohama on 19 June. The 1958 ill-fated Japanese expedition to Antarctica inspired the 1983 hit film Nankyoku Monogatari. The dogs' survival was a national news story at the time. And it helped cement New Zealands independent relationship with Antarctica, specifically the Ross Dependency and Scott Base, as quite separate from its ties to Britain. [22], On departure day, large crowds gathered to see the expedition off. HDS30-23 This Polar Circle and Antarctic Peninsula cruise passes through waters travelled by Humpback, Minke and Fin whales. By 1935 the last outstanding amounts had been finally paid. Information provided includes measurements. Going home One of the sled dogs used by Dr Fuchs, catches a flight home after a job well done. For Fuchs to succeed in journeying from the Weddell Sea to the Ross Sea via the South Pole, his plan like that of Ernest Shackletons ill-fated attempt 40 years earlier depended on a supporting party from New Zealand. Copyright restrictions apply to most material. Even though the expedition remained officially separate, it could be seen as supporting the IGYs wide-ranging scientific research efforts. [11], The government's response was lukewarm;[8] it agreed a financial contribution and the possible loan of a ship, but in the event, parliament would not release the funds. Finding Shackleton's ship: why our fascination with Antarctica endures. [1] However, the idea intrigued and became a private passion for an army officer, Lieutenant Nobu Shirase,[2] who, inspired by the tales that reached him of European explorers such as Franklin, nursed a desire to emulate his heroes and explore the Arctic. A bundle of congratulatory cables awaited Dr Fuchs. Answer (1 of 15): Various Ancient text, Explorer logs etc describe a Transparent Glass like Barrier. She was rigged as a barquentine,[19] and her sailing power was augmented by a small (18 horsepower) auxiliary engine. [17] Shirase also obtained important backing from one of Japan's leading newspapers, the Asahi Shimbun. Much of the expedition's science was either lost during the war, or kept under wraps until it was finally published in 1958. Antarctica history is rich in adventure and science, yet human activity in the region extends back in time only about 200 years. His team made good time and established Depot 700, the last one scheduled, in late December. Although tales of secret Nazi bases or lost Antarctic colonies still . (Simplified) Czech Dutch English French German Italian Japanese Norwegian Portuguese Russian Spanish. Photo Credit: NZ History Archives . The ice "took the form of small lotus leaves, which gradually spread out over the sea to cover the whole surface". [10] Early in 1910 he presented an outline of his plans to the government, declaring that, within three years, he would raise the Japanese flag at the South Pole. This project was a part of the International Geophysical Year (IGY), and Japanese Syowa Station was established on Ongul Island in Antarctica in 1957. . Daniella McCahey is an assistant professor of History at Texas Tech University. Royal Society in 1974 and was President of the team attempting the first Antarctic. Antarctic continent the Hoko Maru, a vast and disjointed cocktail party was soon under way began! Of small lotus leaves, which gradually spread out over the Sea to cover the whole surface.. 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