It also had state-of-the-art living conditions for garrisoned troops, supplying air conditioning and eating areas for their comfort. All these troops wore distinctive uniform insignia and considered themselves among the elite of the French Army. But after a few days of following M'Dear's prescription, Aunt Jimmy eats a peach cobbler and dies. "That's just what the French did," says Kirchubel. "That's just what the French did," says Kirchubel. Morrison Deconstructs White Standards of Beauty in The Bluest Eye, The Unexamined Other: Confronting the Social Hypocrisy of Maureen in The Bluest Eye. These mixed-race colonial subjects worship their own oppressors, struggling to emulate them. Pecola, not knowing that the meat is poisoned, brings it to the dog. Artillery troops operated the heavy guns, and the engineers were responsible for maintaining and operating other specialist equipment, including all communications systems. For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! He goes from being the young lover to the naked black boy, forced to go on with sex while two bigger and stronger men watch. While the Germans built a fleet of bombers and armored vehicles for their mobile blitzkrieg strategy, the French were putting the finishing touches on their very large and static underground fortresses. Instant PDF downloads. The defences were first proposed by Marshal Joseph Joffre. In the 17th century, from his luxurious palace at Versailles, Louis XIV oversaw the construction of citadels and fortresses meant to mark and protect the Sun King's territory. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% Why did the French build the line? Dunion. PDF downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. "My students can't get enough of your charts and their results have gone through the roof." There are 58 ouvrages, 311 casemates, 78 shelters, 14 observatories and around 4,000 blockhouses on the North-West, and 84 ouvrages, 41 casemates, three observatories and around 1,000 blockhouses to the South-West. The Maginot Line, an array of defenses that France built along its border with Germany in the 1930s, was designed to prevent an invasion. Attacking on 10 May, German forces were well into France within five days and they continued to advance until 24 May, when they stopped near Dunkirk. They also misinterpret Mrs. MacTeer's words and attempt to avert Frieda's "ruin," misunderstanding the words of adults. He has a gruff manner toward little Black girls. In 1939 U.S. Army officer Kenneth Nichols visited the Metz sector, where he was impressed by the formidable formations which he thought the Germans would have to outflank by driving through Belgium. [33] A number of old fortifications have now been turned into wine cellars, a mushroom farm, and even a disco. The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. The hot pie filling burns Pecola's legs painfully, but when Mrs. Breedlove returns and sees the mess she runs to Pecola and backhands her, knocking the girl down. The lies about traveling with the prostitutes points to her desire to escape her abusive home and see the world. You'll be billed after your free trial ends. You can view our. [clarification needed] The line stretched from Switzerland to Luxembourg and a much lighter extension was extended to the Strait of Dover after 1934. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. Please wait while we process your payment. There are several kinds of armoured cloches. Pauline describes the first steady job she landed, working as a housekeeper for an ungenerous and pretentious white family. As a young boy, Cholly has a great friend in old Blue Jack, an older black man who works at the feed store. One attack broke through a weak section of the line in the Vosges Mountains, but the French defenders stopped a second attack near Wissembourg. Borey, Eddie. Struggling with distance learning? My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class., Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. This section opens with a long description of his character and ancestry. She is given to fussing aloud and to singing the blues. 6. He goes to Macon, where his father supposedly resides. [18] The power of properly dug-in defensive trenches had been amply demonstrated during World War I, when a few soldiers manning a single machine gun post could kill hundreds of the enemy in the open and therefore building a massive defensive line with subterranean concrete shelters was the most rational use of French manpower. The original construction did not cover the area ultimately chosen by the Germans for their first challenge, which was through the Ardennes in 1940, a plan known as Fall Gelb (Case Yellow), due to the neutrality of Belgium. For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! She treats the girls with some kindness, telling them that Pecola is with Mrs. Breedlove at the house where Mrs. Breedlove is a servant. Please copy/paste the following text to properly cite this HowStuffWorks.com article: Walter Sanders/The LIFE Picture Collection via Getty Images, Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group via Getty Images. Thus the Germans were able to avoid a direct assault on the Maginot Line by violating the neutrality of Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. The color of eyes is not for looking, but for being looked at. The fortifications did not extend through the Ardennes Forest (which was believed to be impenetrable by Commander-in-Chief Maurice Gamelin) or along France's border with Belgium because the two countries had signed an alliance in 1920, by which the French army would operate in Belgium if the German forces invaded. Frieda equates being "ruined" to being like the Maginot Line, because she heard her mother say that the Maginot Line was a "ruined" woman. Frieda narrates the whole story to Claudia: Mr. Henry made sexual advances at Frieda, who ran to tell her parents. [35] The idea was shelved. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. The playground for whites only lets the girls know that they are in a place where they are not welcomed based purely on the color of their skin. Instead of worrying that her own daughter has been burned by the hot berries, she pushes Pecola down into the pie juice. He doesn't poison the dog because he's terrified of personal contact with the animal. She returned with her parents to the house, but Henry was gone. [49][42], When the French Army failed in Belgium, the Maginot Line covered their retreat. Pauline's narrative is very conversational, using the diction, grammar, and rhythm of oral Black-American English. [13] From 1871 forward, French elites had concluded that France had no hope of defeating Germany on its own, and France would need an alliance with another great power to defeat the Reich. The thick-walled forts and casemates of the Maginot Line withstood direct hits from German bombers as they were designed to do, but the real action happened far away from that solid line of defense. 20% He goes on to live a life of alcoholism, marries Pauline but refuses to be faithful to her, and, we are told in an offhand manner, murders three white men. Belgium was overrun, and British and French forces evacuated at Dunkirk. However, when the Germans attacked . [23] The fact that the Wehrmacht embraced the strategy of Blitzkrieg (Lightning War) with the vision of swift wars in which Germany would win quickly via a knockout blow was a testament to the fundamental soundness of the concept of la guerre de longue dure. In 1940, France deployed about twice as many men, 36 divisions (roughly one third of its force), for the defence of the Maginot Line in Alsace and Lorraine. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. [37][38], Julian Jackson highlighted one of the line's roles was to facilitate that strategy by "free[ing] manpower for offensive operations elsewhere and to protect the forces of manoeuvre"; the latter included a more mechanised and modernised military, which would advance into Belgium and engage the German main thrust flanking the line. When he returned, Mr. and Mrs. MacTeer attacked him. By the eve of WWII, the French had constructed a string of fortifications stretching from the Swiss Alps to the English Channel, but the heaviest defenses were along the 280-mile (450-kilometer) border with Germany. The Maginot Line laughs and throws her root-beer bottle at them. Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. Her family, looking for a better life, migrates from Alabama to Kentucky while she is a girl. [18] The British and Italian governments refused in subsequent diplomatic talks to define "flagrant violation", which led the French to place little hope in Anglo-Italian help if German military forces should reoccupy the Rhineland. Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account. She begins to become more religious, solidifying her identity as a martyr. Outpost and Support Point line: Approximately 5km (3mi) behind the border, a line of anti-tank blockhouses that were intended to provide resistance to armoured assault, sufficient to delay the enemy to allow the crews of the C.O.R.F. [17] As long as the French occupied the Rhineland, it served as a type of collateral under which the French would annex the Rhineland in the event of Germany breaching any of the articles of the treaty, such as rearming in violation of Part V; this threat was powerful enough to deter successive German governments all through the 1920s from attempting any overt violation of Part V.[18] French plans as developed by Marshal Ferdinand Foch in 1919 were based on the assumption that in the event of a war with the Reich, the French forces in the Rhineland were to embark upon an offensive to seize the Ruhr. He cannot stand contact with people, but he hoards the little bits of junk from people's everyday lives. [23] Germany had the largest economy in Europe but lacked many of the raw materials necessary for a modern industrial economy (making the Reich vulnerable to a blockade) and the ability to feed its population. Contact us [I] settled down to just being ugly.". Miss Marie: Miss Marie is one of the prostitutes who live in the same building as the Breedlove family. Pecola and the MacTeers leave the house in shame, laundry bag in tow, and as they leave they can hear Mrs. Breedlove fussing over the little white girl, who is crying. [18] Given that Germany had engaged in covert rearmament with the co-operation of the Soviet Union starting in 1921 (a fact that had become public knowledge in 1926) and that every German government had gone out of its way to insist on the moral invalidity of Versailles, claiming it was based upon the so-called Kriegsschuldlge ("War guilt lie") that Germany started the war in 1914, the French had little faith that the Germans would willingly allow the Rhineland's demilitarised status to continue forever, and believed that at some time in the future, Germany would rearm in violation of Versailles, reintroduce conscription and remilitarise the Rhineland. And her own daughter matters less than this little white girl, as seen in her assurances to the little girl that she needn't trouble herself over the identity of the three black children. Infantry Casemates: These bunkers were armed with twin machine-guns (abbreviated as JM Jumelage de mitrailleuses in French) and anti-tank guns of 37 or 47mm (1.5 or 1.9in). 5. | What does the little girl call Mrs Breedlove? Rosemary Villanucci [19], The American historian William Keylor wrote that given the diplomatic conditions of 1929 and likely trends with the United States isolationist and Britain unwilling to make the "continental commitment" the decision to build the Maginot Line was not irrational and stupid, as building the Maginot Line was a sensible response to the problems that would be created by the coming French withdrawal from the Rhineland in 1930. She is affectionate but physically in decay. A co-worker and friend of Chollys during his boyhood. The girl is the daughter of the family that employs Breedlove as a servant. Claudia wonders, almost enviously, how being touched in this way feels, but Frieda rejects this questionwhat is important is not how she feels but what has been done to her and how her parents react. She makes fun of Claudia and Frieda and tries to get them into trouble, and they sometimes beat her up. Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. Instant PDF downloads. Breedlove. . He blames God for the suffering and waste in the world, particularly in his own life, and then he congratulates himself for having granted Pecola's wishhis magic, he believes, will work, although only Pecola will be able to see the blue eyes that she has been given. These were composed of at least six "forward bunker systems" or "combat blocks" and two entrances and were connected via a network of tunnels that often featured narrow gauge electric railways for transport between bunker systems. . Born and raised in Georgia, Cholly is abandoned by his mother when four days old, and taken in by his Great Aunt Jimmy. Both of the girls think that being ruined means becoming fat like Marie, and believe that Poland and China aren't fat only because they drink whiskey. [27] For economic reasons, the success of the strategy of la guerre de longue dure would at the very least require Britain to maintain a benevolent neutrality, preferably to enter the war as an ally as British sea power could protect French imports while depriving Germany of hers. "The French were beaten emotionally and spiritually," says Kirchubel. She finds Frieda upstairs crying. The narrator of parts of the novel. His active response contrasts with Pecolaspassivity. The Maginot Line was built to fulfil several purposes: Maginot Line fortifications were manned by specialist units of fortress infantry, artillery and engineers. Pecola is confused and talks about how nice Miss Marie (that is, the Maginot Line) and her friends are. [47][48] More seriously, historians have noted rather than the Germans doing what the French had envisioned, the French played into the Germans' hand, culminating in their defeat. Born Elihue Micah Whitcomb, he is a light-skinned West Indian misanthrope and self-declared Reader, Adviser, and Interpreter of Dreams. He hates all kinds of human touch, with the exception of the bodies of young girls. Maginot Line. ouvrages to be ready at their battle stations. Continue to start your free trial. She lies to Claudia and Frieda, claiming that the prostitutes give her pretty dresses and shoes, take her to the movies, and that China is going to take her to Cleveland to see the square and Poland is going to take her to Chicago to see the Loop. It took nine years, from 1929 to 1938, to build the Maginot Line. Her jealousy shows her inability to conceptualize the trauma incurred during such an experience. During the advance to the English Channel, the Germans overran France's border defence with Belgium and several Maginot Forts in the Maubeuge area whilst the Luftwaffe simply flew over it. These generally had two floors, with a firing level and a support/infrastructure level that provided the troops with rest and services (power-generating units, reserves of water, fuel, food, ventilation equipment, etc.). When the little white girl asks Mrs. Breedlove who the black girls were, Mrs. Breedlove assures her that she doesn't need to know: "Hush. This section shows the powerful deterministic forces that have shaped Pauline. The fortifications were built as a result of experiences from the . Their misinterpretation highlights their innocence. Petrol-engined armoured locomotives pulled supply trains along these narrow-gauge lines. Although the name "Maginot Line" suggests a relatively thin linear fortification, it was pretty deep, varying (from the German border to the rear area) from 2025 kilometres (1216 miles). TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. Want 100 or more? "The Maginot Line was meant to stop a World War I-style attack of infantry and artillery, and it did what it was supposed to do," says Kirchubel, who's written multiple books on World War II military campaigns. She becomes sole breadwinner while Sammy and Pecola are still young. What does it communicate about the Breedlove household? You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. Battles on the Western front were little effected by the Line. Complete your free account to access notes and highlights. The Maginot Line was designed to resist attacks by aerial bombardment, artillery and ground forces. 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